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Copepod grazing on phytoplankton in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Polar Front. The impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: A negative feedback on rising atmospheric pCO2. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Effect of elevated CO2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral reef. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Gattuso, J.-P., Frankignoulle, M., Bourge, I., Romaine, S. Ocean chemistry of the fossil fuel CO2 signal: the haline signal of “business as usual”. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
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When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. Here we use 13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms-such as corals and some plankton-will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation.
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